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Circular 186

Wind Shear

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ICAO CIRCULAR 186-AN/122 CIRCULAR WIND SHEAR Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION MONTREAL CANADA

Published in separate English, French, Russian and Spanish editions by the International Civil Aviation Organization. All correspondence, except orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to the Secretary General. Orders for this publication should be sent to one of the following addresses, together with the appropriate remittance by bank draft or post office money order in U.S. dollars or the currency of the country in which the order is placed. Document Sales Unit International Civil Aviation Organization 1000 Sherbrooke Street West, Suite 400 Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 2R2 Egypt. ICAO Representative, Middle East and Eastern African Office, 16 Hassan Sabri, Zamalek, Cairo. France. Representant de I'OACI, Bureau Europe, 3 bis, villa mile-ergerat, 92522 Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex. India. Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House, New Delhi or 17 Park Street, Calcutta. Japan. Japan Civil Aviation Promotion Foundation, 15-12, 1-chome, Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo. Kenya. ICAO Representative, Eastern African Office, United Nations Accommodation, P.O. Box 46294 Nairobi. Mexico. Representante de la OACI, Oficina Norteamerica y Caribe, Apartado postal 5-377, C.P. 11590, Mexico 5, D.F. Peru. Representante de la OACI, Oficina Sudamtrica, Apartado 4127, Lima 100. Senegal. Representant de l'OACI, Bureau Afrique, Boite postale 2356, Dakar. Spain. Pilot's, Suministros Aeronauticos, S.A., C/Ulises, 5-Oficina Num. 2, 28043 Madrid. Thailand. ICAO Representative. Asia and Pacific Office. P.O. Box 614, Bangkok. United Kingdom. Civil Aviation Authority, Printing and Publications'Services, Greville House, 37 Gratton Road, Cheltenham, Glos., GL50 2BN. Do you receive the ICAO BULLETIN The ICAO Bulletin contains a concise account of the activities of the Organization as well as articles of interest to the aeronautical world. The Bulletin will also keep you up to date on the latest ICAO publications, their contents, amendments, supplements, corrigenda and prices. Available in three separate editions English, French and Spanish. Annual subscription U.S.20.00 surface mail U.S.25.00 air mail.

During the period 1964-1983, low-level wind shear was cited in at least 28 large transport aircraft accidents/incidents which together resulted in over 500 fatalities and 200 injuries. The increased awareness within the aviation community of the hazardous and insidious nature of low-level wind shear is reflected in the fact that it is considered by the ICAO Council to be one of the major technical problems facing aviation. Lack of adequate operational remote-sensing equipment, the complexity of the subject, the wide range of scale of wind shear and its inherent capriciousness have all conspired to hinder a complete solution of the problem which, in turn, has limited so far the development of the necessary international Standards and Recommended Practices for the observing, reporting and forecasting of wind shear. In 1975 there were five jet transport aircraft accidentelincidents in which wind shear was cited, one of which resulted in major loss of life1. This latter accident, which occurred at John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York on 24 June 1975, and an accident at Denver some six weeks later on 7 August 1975, which fortunately resulted in no loss of life and happened to occur in an area where detailed monitoring of the wind field was possible, will likely be viewed in the future as marking a turning point in the history of wind shear. The detailed and exhaustive analysis of the role played by wind shear in these particular accidents served to remove any lingering doubt which may have still remained regarding the reality of the danger of wind shear. The accelerated research effort which followed, culminating in the massive Joint Airport Weather Studies JAWS project at Stapleton Airport, Denver, Colorado in 1982, considerably improved and continues to improve our understanding of the problem, particularly regarding wind shear associated with thunderstorms. The ICAO Eighth Air Navigation Conference Montreal, 197412 recommended the preparation and publication of guidance material to assist all concerned to make the best possible use of such information on wind shear as was available. In order to assist in the preparation of this guidance material, the culmination of which is the publication of this circular, the Low-level Wind Shear and Turbulence WIST Study Group was formed. With the assistance of the group a statement of operational requirements for observing and reporting wind shear and turbulence was developed. This statement, together with an initial list of recommended terms and their explanations and a progress report on wind shear largely based upon circulars issued by some States, was sent as guidance to States in State letter AN 10/4.6-79/142 dated 31 August 1979. 1983 is the latest complete year, at the time this circular was published, for which reports are available in the ICAO Accident/Incident Reporting Data Bank.

ii ICAO Circular 1.86-AN1122 Following the increased research effort referred to above, it proved possible to develop Amendment 64 to Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for nternational Air Navigation which became applicable in November 1983 and included, among other things, new provisions and a revision of existing provisions for the observing and reporting of low level wind shear. At the same time, the statement of operational requirements was modified slightly, the revised version of which is given in Appendix A to this circular. In 1982, the United States Subcommittees on Investigations and Oversight and, on Transportation, Aviation and Materials of the House of Representatives' Committee on Science and Technology held joint hearings on weather problems affecting aviation, including wind shear. Following these hearings, the Federal Aviation Administration FAA contracted with the National Academy of Sciences "to study the state of knowledge, alternative approaches and the consequences of wind shear alert and severe weather conditions relating to take-off and landing clearances for confmercial and general aviation aircraft". In order to accomplish this task, an ad hoc Committee for the Study of Low-Altitude Wind Shear and its Hazard to Aviation was formed. The Committee produced an extremely comprehensive report and a series of conclusions and recommendations.' This report has been of considerable assistance in the preparation of this circular, and the set of recommendations made by the Committee are reproduced in Appendix C. Since 1967 the FAA has had a detailed programme directed towards reducing the hazard to aviation of lorlevel wind shear. Under this overall programme, action has been or is being taken on the recommendations made by the Committee referred to in the previous paragraph and also on recommendations made from time to time by the National Transportation Safety Board following accident investigations. In this regard, the FAA is developing an "Integrated Wind Shear Programme" which involves close co-operation with a number of government agencies e.g. the National Aeronautical and Space Administration the aerospace industry in its widest sense, pilot associations and ICAO. The objective of the programme is to further develop and refine over the next five to ten years the educationltraining and operational procedures, surface-based and airborne wind shear detection technology and on-board flight guidance systems. At the same time, further elucidation of the wind shear hazard will be provided by continued scientific research. The individual sub-programmes are discussed in more detail in the relevant chapters of this circular. Many aspects of the wind shear subject are in a highly fluid state with comprehensive research continuing and, for the most part, accelerating along a broad front. This circular encompasses most relevant aspects of the subject and, as well, covers all the main trends. Due to the dynamic nature of the subject, however, it only presents a "snapshot", albeit a fairly detailed one, indicating how things stand in 1986. Readers should be aware, therefore, that this is not expected to be the last word on wind shear rather, it is somewhat in the nature of a situation report. It is intended to promote a wider understanding of the subject and to offer pointers, some in the form of extensive references, to assist those who wish to delve more deeply into the subject . In this circular the qualifying term "low-level" has been retained due to the fact that "altitude" is a defined ICAO term meaning "the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point measured from mean sea level". The critical issue with respect to wind shear is the effect on aircraft performance when in relatively close proximity to the ground. It is not felt that "low-level" in this context could be misconstrued as meaning low-level "in intensity".

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