Язык

Вход

Doc 9887. Издание 1

Документ обновлён на дату:01.01.2008

Report of the Independent Experts on the LTTG NOx Review and Medium and Long Term Technology Goals for NOx (English-only publication)

Поставить на контроль

Получить доступ

Страницa:

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

ИНФО

Текст

Редакции

Изменения

Ссылается

Упомянут

В папку

1Report of the Independent Experts to the Long Term Technology Task Group on the 2006 LTTG NOx Review and the Establishment of Medium and Long Term Technology Goals for NOxContents of the Report1.Executive Summary.62.Introduction..152.1Review Body..153.Scope of Review164.Policy Overview185.Science Overview.195.1Introduction195.2Local Air Quality Concerns.......215.3Global Climate Concerns.......225.4Tradeoffs265.5Summary276.Technology Review..296.1History...296.2Design and Requirements..316.3Addressing NOx ....326.4Rate of technology change.....326.5Technology - Mid Term.....336.6Technology - Long Term ......336.7Noise......357.Academic Review.367.1Fundamentals.....367.2Contemporary practice and near term strategies397.3Mid and Long Term alternative technologies....397.4Alternative Fuels417.5Alternative Engine Cycles.....437.6Revolutionary Technologies......447.7Smoke Emissions.......468.Research Review..478.1Introduction478.2History...478.3Present508.4Future Work...528.5Summary549.Discussion.549.1Review process..54

29.2Successive reductions in Certification NOx and Long Term Trends.559.3Environmental Need LAQ GCC...579.4Tradeoffs639.5MT 10yr and LT 20yr TECHNOLOGY GOALS669.5.1Engine Goal Compliance Assumptions...679.5.2Technology Goals Different from Standard Stringency..679.5.3Derived MT and LT Technology Goals...679.5.4Uncertainty...729.5.5Use of Uncertainty Bands729.6Metric.....739.7In-Service Deterioration Rates...739.8Alternative Fuels....739.9Affordability..749.10Small Engines....759.11 Handling of Differences.....7510.Conclusions...7511.Recommendations....80Appendix 1. Review Participants 1a. Terms of Reference for the Panel of Independent Experts 1b. Long Term Technology Group CAEP RemitAppendix 2 NASA TRL ScaleAppendix 3 Notes from the LTTG Review 20-24 March, 2006Appendix 4 List of Presentations

3List of FiguresFigure 1 Review Structure......................................................................................16Figure 2 Bar charts of radiative forcing from aviation effects in 1992 subsonic fleet and subsequent modifications. Taken from David Lee Presentation................26Figure 3 Relative pulse temperature response K for global fleet of NOx and CO229Figure 4 CAEP Stringencies...................................................................................30Figure 5 CAEP Certification Limits with Industry and Research Program Targets..34Figure 6 NOx as a function of Combustor Air Entry Temperature..........................37Figure 7 TVC cross section....................................................................................45Figure 8 A photograph of a quartz SPRF combustor in operation...........................46Figure 9 FESG Passenger Retirement Curve...........................................................55Figure 10 Illustration of Fleet Growth and Supply Pattern indicative...................56Figure 11 Aircraft Engine Combustor Development Key Requirements.................63Figure 12 Engine/Airframe Cycle Tradeoffs - Fuel Burn/NOx/Noise Carpet Plot Example..........................................................................................................64Figure 13 MT and LT Goal Bands..........................................................................68Figure 14 LTTG Goals and Industry NOx Performance Targets............................69List of TablesTable 1 Radiative forcing RFs mW/m2 due to aviation emissions from historical operation of the subsonic fleet in the year 1992 as reported in by IPCC 1999.25Table 2 US Airport Contribution to Area and Non-Road NOx Inventory................60

ОБРАЗЕЦ